Can, have to and need in Japanese

Level A1

Can, have to and need in Japanese

Japanese usually doesn't add a word like "can" before the verb. Instead, the verb itself changes into its potential form: 泳ぐ (swim) becomes 泳げる (can swim), and する becomes できる. "Have to" is a long ending, なければなりません or ないといけません, shortened to なきゃ among friends. "Need" is 必要です, and among friends 要る is common for things. You'll also see how to say "you don't have to" with 〜なくてもいい.

The words for can, have to and need: できる, なければならない and 必要

  • できるcan
  • なければならないhave to
  • 必要(ひつよう)need

The potential form: how a verb becomes "can do", as in 泳げる and できる

Saying what you can do: 日本語が話せます — often with が

日本語が話せます。

Saying you can't: the negative potential, as in 行けません

明日は行けません。

Asking if you can: カードで払えますか? — and asking a favour

カードで払えますか?

Have to: なければなりません or ないといけません, and なきゃ with friends

仕事に行かなければなりません。

Need: 必要です for things, 必要がある for actions, 要る among friends

タクシーが必要(ひつよう)です。

  • formal

    すみません、タクシーが必要(ひつよう)なんですが。

    I need a taxi.

  • informal

    疲(つか)れた…。少(すこ)し寝(ね)る必要(ひつよう)があるな。

    I need to sleep.

  • formal

    大丈夫(だいじょうぶ)ですか?お手伝(てつだ)い、必要(ひつよう)ですか?

    Do you need help?

  • informal

    土曜日(どようび)なら大丈夫(だいじょうぶ)!何(なに)か持(も)っていくもの、要(い)る?

    Saturday is fine. Do I need to bring anything?

"You don't have to" is 〜なくてもいい; "you can't" is できません

English "don't have to" means you're free to skip something. Japanese takes the negative verb, changes ない to なくて and adds もいい, literally "even not doing it is fine": 払う → 払わない → "お金は払わなくてもいいですよ" (you don't have to pay). For something that isn't allowed, use the negative potential instead: "こちらには駐車できません" (you can't park here).

For things, the casual way to say "you don't need anything" is 要らない: "ううん、何も要らないよ". Note that 何も with a negative means "nothing".

Use the polite です・ます forms (できません, いいです) with strangers, staff and customers, and the plain forms (要らない, できる) with friends and family.

Inviting a friend to dinner in plain Japanese: 来られる? 行けない

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