Making deductions from clues in Japanese

Level B2

Making deductions from clues in Japanese

Japanese puts the expression of certainty after the situation you are judging. に違いない expresses a strong conclusion, かもしれない leaves an explanation open, and はずがない rules it out. Use the casual endings に違いない, かもしれない or shortened かも, and はずがない with friends; the corresponding polite endings に違いありません, かもしれません and はずがありません suit less familiar people and many workplace conversations. The formal labels here indicate polite speech, and changing politeness does not change the strength of the deduction.

に違いない and はずがない: certainty from clues

  • に違(ちが)いないmust
  • はずがないcan't

Observed facts, strong conclusions and possible explanations

The car and bag are observed clues, while “この建物のどこかにいるに違いないね。” is a conclusion from those clues; “さっきキッチンで彼女を見かけたよ。” instead reports a direct sighting. Unlike English, Japanese often leaves out a subject already clear from context, so the deduction need not repeat “she.”

For the verbs in these examples, put the plain nonpast form before に違いない for a present deduction and the plain past form before it for a past deduction: いる and 残業している describe present situations, while 雨が降った places the inferred rain in the past. The same tense distinction works before はずがない, so 帰ったはずがない rejects a past event without an English-style “can't have” construction; the i-adjective 正しい goes directly before はずがありません to reject a present possibility.

For a tentative explanation, the examples use のかもしれない after a plain clause, with の presenting a possible explanation for the clues; 行ったのかも is casual and shortened, while 切れているのかもしれません is polite and describes a current state. Keep the verb inside the clause plain even with a polite ending, and remember that these expressions describe your assessment of the evidence rather than obligation or physical ability.

Strong present deductions with に違いない or に違いありません

現在の状態や動作を表す普通形に違(ちが)いない。

Strong past deductions: plain past form + に違いありません

過去の出来事を表すタ形に違(ちが)いない。

Possible explanations: casual のかも and polite のかもしれません

説明となる状態や出来事を表す普通形のかもしれない。

Ruling out a present situation with はずがありません

現在の状態や動作を表す普通形はずがない。

Ruling out past events with はずがない or はずがありません

過去の出来事を表すタ形はずがない。

Finding Anna: a casual conversation about the clues

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