Ordinal numbers and quantities in Japanese

Level A1

Ordinal numbers and quantities in Japanese

This lesson teaches how to say first, second and last in Japanese, and the words for how many: 全部 (zenbu), たくさん (takusan), いくつか (ikutsuka), 少ない (sukunai), 一つも (hitotsu mo) and 半分 (hanbun). Japanese has no separate word like "third": you add 目 (me) after a number and a counter, so the second cup is 二杯目 (nihai-me) and the third time 三回目 (sankai-me). "Few" and "many" work differently too: 少ない and 多い (ōi) usually end the sentence, so "few shops are open" becomes "the open shops are few", 開いている店は少ない. Lines marked formal use です and ます, the polite forms for strangers and shops; lines marked informal are the plain forms you use with friends and family.

First to tenth, and last: 一番目, 二番目… 最後

  • 一番目(いちばんめ)first
  • 二番目(にばんめ)second
  • 三番目(さんばんめ)third
  • 四番目(よんばんめ)fourth
  • 五番目(ごばんめ)fifth
  • 六番目(ろくばんめ)sixth
  • 七番目(ななばんめ)seventh
  • 八番目(はちばんめ)eighth
  • 九番目(きゅうばんめ)ninth
  • 十番目(じゅうばんめ)tenth
  • 最後(さいご)last

Numbers and their ordinals with 番目 and つ目 (つ stops at nine, then 個目)

Making an ordinal: 番目, つ目, 位, 第 and 最後

The general way to make an ordinal is number + 番目 (ban-me): 七番目 (nanaban-me), seventh. Keep the 目, because 一番 (ichiban) on its own usually means "number one" or "the most", as in 一番好き (ichiban suki), my favorite. For corners, doors and stops you'll often hear つ目 instead: 一つ目の角を左に曲がってください (hitotsu-me no kado), turn left at the first corner.

Places in a race use 位 (i): 五位 (go-i), fifth place, and titles and official names put 第 (dai) in front, as in 第一 (dai-ichi), number one. "Last" is 最後 (saigo), joined to the noun with の: 最後のバス, the last bus. And "the first time" isn't built from a number at all: it's 初めて (hajimete), as in こちらは初めてですか?

Counter + 目: 二杯目, 三回目 — and 三階 without 目

Where English says "my second coffee", Japanese takes the counter for that thing and adds 目: cups use 杯 (hai), so it's 二杯目 (nihai-me). The same goes for times, 三回目 (sankai-me), days, 六日目 (muika-me), songs, 七曲目 (nanakyoku-me), lines, 八行目 (hachigyō-me), and flat things like cookies, 九枚目 (kyūmai-me). 番目 is a safe fallback when you don't know the counter, but Japanese speakers reach for the counter.

Floors are the exception: 階 (kai) already names a floor in order, so the third floor is just 三階 (sangai), with no 目. As in American English, 一階 (ikkai) is the street level, so 三階 is what British English calls the second floor.

Saying where something is: 右の二つ目のドアです

右の二つ目のドアです。

All, many, some, few, none and half

  • 全部(ぜんぶ)all
  • たくさんmany
  • いくつかsome
  • 少(すく)ないfew
  • 一(ひと)つもnone
  • 半分(はんぶん)half

The quantity goes before the verb: りんごをいくつか買います

りんごをいくつか買います。

Few and many at the end of the sentence: 店は少ない

店は少ない。

None: 一つも and 誰も with a negative verb

Japanese has no single word for "none". For things, you say "not even one" with 一つも (hitotsu mo) and a negative verb: もう一つも残っていません, there are none left. For people, use 誰も (dare mo), again with a negative verb: 友達は誰も車を持っていない, none of my friends have a car.

English puts the "no" in the word none and keeps the verb positive; Japanese puts it in the verb, so it must end in ない or ません. Leaving the verb positive is a common beginner mistake: 一つもあります isn't Japanese. The same split between things and people shows up with "all": 全部 is for things, パンを全部食べたの?, but for a group of people you say みんな, 友達がみんな来てるよ.

At the bakery: おいくつにしますか?

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