Family members in Japanese

Level A1

Family members in Japanese

Japanese has two words for most family members: a plain one for your own family, like 母 (haha), and a polite one for someone else's, like お母さん (okāsan). And for "my brother" or "my sister" you say whether they're older or younger: 兄 (ani) is your older brother and 弟 (otōto) your younger one, while 兄弟 (kyōdai) and 姉妹 (shimai) name them as a group. To count people you use the counter 人, as in 二人 (futari), two people. Lines marked formal use です and ます, for a neighbour or someone you've just met; lines marked informal are the plain forms you use with friends.

Close family: 家族, 母, 父, 両親…

Grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins: 祖母, 祖父, おじ, おば, いとこ

Introducing someone: こちらは夫のパウロです

こちらは夫のパウロです。

Saying how many: 兄弟が二人います

兄弟が二人います。

Asking about someone's family: お子さんはいらっしゃいますか? or 兄弟姉妹はいる?

お子さんはいらっしゃいますか?

My family or yours: 母 or お母さん

When you talk about your own family to someone outside it, use the plain words: 母は学校の先生です (haha wa gakkō no sensei desu), my mother is a teacher. For someone else's family, use the polite words with お, ご or さん: ご両親と一緒に住んでいますか? asks about "your parents", and ご主人 (goshujin) means "your husband". Japanese usually leaves out "my" and "your", because the word you choose already shows whose family it is.

The Japanese words for a brother or sister usually say whether they're older or younger, so "my aunt is my mother's older sister" is おばは母の姉です, and "my little brother" is simply 弟. 兄弟 (kyōdai) can mean "brothers" or "brothers and sisters", and うち (uchi), "my home", often stands for "my family": うちは家族が多いんです, we're a big family. The polite words stay even among friends, so you still ask お姉さんとか妹さんもいる? about a friend's sisters.

Your family and someone else's: 母 and お母さん

Older or younger: 兄, 姉, 弟, 妹

Looking at a family photo: これ、家族の写真?

Meeting a new neighbour: polite questions about her children

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