Passive voice, topics and responsibility in Japanese

Level B2

Passive voice, topics and responsibility in Japanese

Japanese uses particles and verb endings to show who acted and what was affected, rather than relying on English word order. These examples contrast polite speech for customers or unfamiliar people with plain speech for familiar conversations; polite endings do not themselves make a verb passive. Japanese also regularly leaves understood people unspoken, so an English “I”, “we” or “they” does not always need a Japanese equivalent. The past forms here can translate English “changed” or “has changed”, depending on the situation.

Two meanings of “by”: “によって” for the agent, “までに” for a deadline

  • によってby
  • までにby

Mark who acted with “が” and what they changed with “を”

行為者が変更するものを変更しました。

Make the affected thing the subject with “が” and passive “変更される”

変更されたものが行為者によって変更されました。

Leave who acted unnamed: “開店時間が変更されました”

変更されたものが変更されました。

Set the topic with “は”, then identify who acted with “が”

話題は、行為者が変更するものを変更しました。

Name responsibility with “によって” or leave it unstated

In “開店時間が店長によって変更されました。”, “開店時間が” identifies what was changed and “店長によって” names the agent; “によって” is especially suited to factual reports and can sound written even with a casual ending. “変更されました” is polite past passive, while “変更された” is plain past passive, so Japanese does not add a separate word corresponding to English “was”. “開店時間が変更されました。” reports the change without identifying who caused it, rather than requiring an unnamed “they”.

In “開店時間は、私たちが変えました。”, “は” sets the opening time as the topic and “が” identifies us as the people who acted, with no extra object pronoun corresponding to English “it”. The casual ending “んだ” presents information as an explanation, while “んですか” asks for an explanation politely, so these endings are not simply equivalents of English contractions. When responsibility becomes the issue, “私が予約の時間を変更しました。お伝えすべきでした。” explicitly accepts it politely, while “私だよ。先に言っておけばよかった。” makes a familiar admission and expresses regret about not speaking beforehand.

A polite service exchange: ask for an explanation and accept responsibility

A familiar exchange: plain endings, “なんで” and regret about not telling someone

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