Japanese て-Forms and Auxiliary Combinations

Level A2

Japanese て-Forms and Auxiliary Combinations

This lesson shows how to make the Japanese て-form and how to use it with five common auxiliary verbs. English speakers may expect ている to always mean an action happening now, but it also describes a state that resulted from a change. You will also learn how politeness and casual speech affect these forms.

The て-form and its auxiliary combinations

The て-form (て形) connects a verb to another verb or auxiliary. ている can describe an ongoing action or a resulting state, depending on the main verb. てある describes a state someone deliberately created; ておく adds the idea of doing something in advance; てしまう presents completion and can suggest regret; and てみる means trying an action.

How to form the て-form and た-form

For ichidan verbs, remove る and add て or た: 「食べる」→「食べて/食べた」; 「見る」→「見て/見た」. For godan verbs, change the ending: う・つ・る → って/った; む・ぶ・ぬ → んで/んだ; く → いて/いた; ぐ → いで/いだ; す → して/した. 「行く」 is exceptional: 「行って/行った」. The irregular verbs are する → して/した and 来る(くる)→ 来て(きて)/来た(きた). Not every verb ending in る is ichidan: 「戻る」 is godan. The same sound changes apply to both forms, but て connects expressions while た marks the plain past. Where the connecting form ends in で, keep it before auxiliaries: 「読んでいる」, for example. In the table, the question ending in ですか is polite; 「これってて形?」 is casual. Here, って marks the topic, roughly like は; the questioning intonation makes it a question.

Dictionary formStem or ending groupて-formた-formExample or note
辞書形(じしょけい)語幹(ごかん)て形(けい)た形
食(た)べる食べ食べて食べたここでは、どのて形(けい)を使(つか)えばいいですか。
見る見見て見たこれってて形(けい)?
使(つか)う使って使った
待(ま)つ待って待った
戻(もど)る戻って戻った
読(よ)む読んで読んだ
〜ぶ〜んで〜んだ
〜ぬ〜んで〜んだ
歩(ある)く歩いて歩いた
〜ぐ〜いで〜いだ
話(はな)す話して話した
行(い)く行って行った
するしてした
来(く)る来て来た

ている for an action in progress

Attach いる to the て-form of an action verb. The polite form ends in ています; the plain form ends in ている. English speakers may translate both with “be doing,” but Japanese uses the same form for resulting states too, so check the verb and context. For example, 「今、昼ご飯を食べています。」 is polite, while 「姉は部屋で本を読んでいる。」 is plain.

動作を表す動詞のて形+いる

ている for a resulting state

With an intransitive verb that describes a change, ている can describe the state that remains after the change. English often uses an adjective or a passive form here, rather than a progressive: 「ドアが閉まっています。」 means the door is closed, and 「あの窓、開いているよ。」 means that window is open. The verb is intransitive: the sentence describes what happened to the door or window, rather than who did it.

変化を表す自動詞のて形+いる

てある for a deliberately created state

Attach ある to the て-form of a transitive verb when someone has deliberately done something and the resulting state remains. The object of the action is commonly marked with は or が, as in 「窓は開けてあります。」 and 「君の本、机の上に置いてあるよ。」. Unlike English “is open” or “has been put,” this form carries the idea that someone arranged things that way.

他動詞のて形+ある

ておく for preparation

Attach おく to a verb’s て-form to say that someone does something ahead of time for later use or convenience. The form can be polite, as in 「明日のために、これを読んでおきます。」, or plain, as in 「先に窓を開けておこう。」. English speakers can miss the preparation meaning if they translate only the main action: ておく adds “in advance” or “beforehand.”

動詞のて形+おく

てしまう for completion or regret

Attach しまう to the て-form to present an action as completed or done up completely: 「この本はもう全部読んでしまいました。」. Depending on the situation, the same form can convey regret or an unwanted result, as in 「あ、本を忘れちゃった。」 and 「ごめん、牛乳を全部飲んじゃった。」. In casual speech, てしまう often contracts to ちゃう, and でしまう to じゃう; the contraction does not itself mean regret.

動詞のて形+しまう

てみる for trying something

Attach みる to the て-form to say that someone tries doing something and sees how it goes. It is not ordinary “seeing”; the combination expresses an attempt. For example, 「この本を日本語で読んでみます。」 is polite, while 「この牛乳、飲んでみない?」 is a casual suggestion.

動詞のて形+みる

Polite and plain endings

Choose the ending for the whole expression to match the relationship and situation. The examples 「今、昼ご飯を食べています。」 and 「ドアが閉まっています。」 use polite ています; the polite combinations also appear in 「窓は開けてあります。」, 「明日のために、これを読んでおきます。」, 「この本はもう全部読んでしまいました。」, and 「この本を日本語で読んでみます。」. English verbs do not change this way for politeness, so do not treat ています as only a tense marker: it also makes the sentence polite.

Common contractions in conversation

In casual conversation, ている often becomes てる, and でいる becomes でる. Likewise, ておく → とく and でおく → どく; the volitional ておこう becomes とこう. For しまう, てしまう → ちゃう and でしまう → じゃう; their past forms are ちゃった and じゃった. The table’s examples with 読んでいる, 開いている and 開けておこう show the full forms; the examples with 忘れちゃった and 飲んじゃった already contain contractions. These contractions are conversational. Some also occur with polite endings, but use the full forms as your default in formal situations.

These combinations build on the same て-form used in requests and permission expressions. てください makes a polite request, while てもいいです states that an action is allowed; adding か makes a polite permission question, てもいいですか. Refer to the earlier lessons for these constructions. Here, いる, ある, おく, しまう and みる follow the て-form, and each auxiliary contributes its own meaning.

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