Japanese causative and causative-passive forms

Level B1

Japanese causative and causative-passive forms

Japanese changes the verb itself to express making or letting someone act. For godan verbs, change the final u sound to the corresponding a sound and add せる; verbs ending in う take わせる, as in 買う → 買わせる. For ichidan verbs, replace る with させる; the irregular forms are する → させる and 来る → 来させる, pronounced kosaseru. To form the full causative-passive, replace the causative's final る with られる, as in 食べさせる → 食べさせられる.

Names for the two verb forms

Forming causatives: godan, ichidan, and irregular verbs

Dictionary formPlain causativePolite causative
買(か)う買わせる買わせます
待(ま)つ待たせる待たせます
戻(もど)る戻らせる戻らせます
読(よ)む読ませる読ませます
飲(の)む飲ませる飲ませます
話(はな)す話させる話させます
書(か)く書かせる書かせます
食(た)べる食べさせる食べさせます
見る見させる見させます
するさせるさせます
来(く)る来させる来させます

Causing an action without a direct object: marking the actor with を or に

使役者は/が動作をする人を/に動詞の{使役形|causative-form}。

Causing an action with a direct object: actor に, object を

使役者は/が動作をする人に目的語を動詞の{使役形|causative-form}。

How context distinguishes making from allowing

English chooses different verbs for “make” and “let,” but Japanese causative endings can express either meaning. In “もうやめたかったのに、コーチは私たちを走らせた。”, wanting to stop shows coercion, while “母は、妹の具合が悪かったので、休ませました。” describes allowing someone to rest because she is ill.

With an intransitive verb, を often presents the actor as being directly controlled, while に can present the actor as acting willingly; these are tendencies, not a fixed “を means make, に means let” rule. を is common when the person is made to do the action, especially when the action is outside their control. With a transitive verb that already has an object marked by を, mark the actor with に, as in “父は私に嫌いな野菜を食べさせた。”

For permission to do something yourself, use the causative's te-form followed by ください: “今日は早く帰らせてください。” means “Please let me go home early today.”

Asking to do something yourself: causative te-form plus ください

動詞の{使役形|causative-form}のて形ください。

Building the causative-passive from the causative

Dictionary formCausativePlain causative-passivePolite causative-passive
待(ま)つ待たせる待たせられる待たせられます
読(よ)む読ませる読ませられる読ませられます
話(はな)す話させる話させられる話させられます
食(た)べる食べさせる食べさせられる食べさせられます
するさせるさせられるさせられます
来(く)る来させる来させられる来させられます

Being made to act: the person affected is the topic, the causer takes に

動作をさせられる人は/が使役者に目的語(ある場合)を動詞の{使役受身形|causative-passive-form}。

Common shorter forms and verbs that keep the full form

Dictionary formPlain causative-passive: full / shortenedPolite causative-passive: full / shortened
待(ま)つ待たせられる/待たされる待たせられます/待たされます
読(よ)む読ませられる/読まされる読ませられます/読まされます
話(はな)す話させられる話させられます
食(た)べる食べさせられる食べさせられます
するさせられるさせられます
来(く)る来させられる来させられます

Choosing plain or polite speech

In the causative-passive, the person made to act becomes the subject or topic, and に marks whoever makes them act: in “父に嫌いな野菜を食べさせられました。”, the understood subject is “I,” and the father is the causer. Unlike the causative, this form normally expresses being made to do something against your wishes, rather than being allowed to do it.

Most godan verbs can shorten the causative-passive ending from the a-row sound plus せられる to the a-row sound plus される, as in 待たせられる → 待たされる, but godan verbs ending in す, ichidan verbs, and the irregular verbs する and 来る keep the full form. Both lengths can be plain or polite: 待たされる and 待たされた are plain, while 待たされます and 待たされました are polite.

Use plain endings with close friends and family or in informal narration, and polite endings with people you do not know well or in more formal situations; politeness addresses your listener and does not change who causes the action. For permission requests, “今日は早く帰らせてください。” is polite, while “今日は早く帰らせて。” is familiar and direct, so use the shorter request with someone close to you.

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