Possessives in Japanese

Level A1

Possessives in Japanese

Japanese makes every possessive the same way: add の (no) to the person, so 私の (watashi no) is "my" and 彼の (kare no) is "his". Where English has a different word for each person (my, his, their), Japanese just adds の to 私, 彼 or 彼ら, so there is nothing new to memorise. The surprise is how often Japanese leaves "my" and "your" out altogether. Lines marked formal use です and ます, for someone you don't know well; lines marked informal are the plain forms you use with friends.

The six possessives: the pronoun + の (私の, 彼の …)

  • 私(わたし)のmy
  • あなたのyour
  • 彼(かれ)のhis
  • 彼女(かのじょ)のher
  • 私(わたし)たちのour
  • 彼(かれ)らのtheir

Each person and its possessive: just add の

Possessive + noun: 彼女のコートは赤いです

彼女のコートは赤いです。

Saying whose it is: これは彼の車です

これは彼の車です。

の never changes, and is often left out

の works a lot like English 's, and it's the same for every owner and every thing: 私のスマホ, 彼女のコート, 彼らの子供たち. There's no separate form for one thing or many.

When it's clear whose thing it is, Japanese simply drops the possessive. Looking for your own phone, you say スマホ、どこ? (sumaho, doko?), "phone, where?"; 私の isn't wrong, but you only add it to make clear it's yours and not someone else's. あなたの (anata no) is also used much less than "your", and can sound too direct: with someone you know, use their name with さん, as in 田中さんの車 (Tanaka-san no kuruma), or leave it out. The same goes for 彼の and 彼女の: people usually say the person's name, and 彼女 on its own also means "girlfriend".

Asking whose it is: これは誰の本ですか?

これは誰(だれ)の本ですか?

Ana's book and "it's mine": アナさんの本, 私のです

の also goes after a name: アナさんの本 (Ana-san no hon) is "Ana's book". For "mine" or "Leo's" on their own, just stop after の: 私のです (watashi no desu) is "It's mine", and レオのだと思う (Reo no da to omou) is "I think it's Leo's".

Among friends, the plain forms drop です: 私のじゃないよ (watashi no ja nai yo), "It's not mine." Men and boys often say 僕の (boku no) instead of 私の, and 俺の (ore no) in very casual talk.

Lost and found: これ、誰のジャケット?

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