Japanese Counters and Counting (日本語の助数詞)

Level A1

Japanese Counters and Counting (日本語の助数詞)

In Japanese, you choose a counter to match what you are counting. This lesson covers common counters, their readings, quantity placement, and questions. Lines marked formal use polite verb forms such as います, あります, and 持っています, useful with people you do not know well. Lines marked informal use plain forms such as いる, ある, and 泳ぐ, suitable with friends and family; the counter itself does not change with register.

Counters for people, objects, books, machines, and times

Numbers combined with common counters

NumberPeople (人)Small objects (個)Flat objects (枚)Long objects (本)Books (冊)Machines (台)Occurrences (回)
数人(にん)個(こ)枚(まい)本(ほん)冊(さつ)台(だい)回(かい)
一(いち)一人(ひとり)一個(いっこ)一枚(いちまい)一本(いっぽん)一冊(いっさつ)一台(いちだい)一回(いっかい)
二(に)二人(ふたり)二個(にこ)二枚(にまい)二本(にほん)二冊(にさつ)二台(にだい)二回(にかい)
三(さん)三人(さんにん)三個(さんこ)三枚(さんまい)三本(さんぼん)三冊(さんさつ)三台(さんだい)三回(さんかい)
四(よん)四人(よにん)四個(よんこ)四枚(よんまい)四本(よんほん)四冊(よんさつ)四台(よんだい)四回(よんかい)
五(ご)五人(ごにん)五個(ごこ)五枚(ごまい)五本(ごほん)五冊(ごさつ)五台(ごだい)五回(ごかい)
六(ろく)六人(ろくにん)六個(ろっこ)六枚(ろくまい)六本(ろっぽん)六冊(ろくさつ)六台(ろくだい)六回(ろっかい)
七(なな)七人(しちにん/ななにん)七個(ななこ)七枚(ななまい)七本(ななほん)七冊(ななさつ)七台(ななだい)七回(ななかい)
八(はち)八人(はちにん)八個(はっこ)八枚(はちまい)八本(はっぽん)八冊(はっさつ/はちさつ)八台(はちだい)八回(はっかい/はちかい)
九(きゅう)九人(きゅうにん)九個(きゅうこ)九枚(きゅうまい)九本(きゅうほん)九冊(きゅうさつ)九台(きゅうだい)九回(きゅうかい)
十(じゅう)十人(じゅうにん)十個(じゅっこ/じっこ)十枚(じゅうまい)十本(じゅっぽん/じっぽん)十冊(じゅっさつ/じっさつ)十台(じゅうだい)十回(じゅっかい/じっかい)

The native general counting set: ひとつ to とお

Learn these whole forms: 「ひとつ」「ふたつ」「みっつ」「よっつ」「いつつ」「むっつ」「ななつ」「やっつ」「ここのつ」 and 「とお」. You cannot simply add つ to the usual number reading. Ten is とお, without a final つ. This general counting set works for many everyday objects, but it does not replace every counter; use 人 for people, for example.

NumberGeneral count (つ)
数つ
一(いち)一つ(ひとつ)
二(に)二つ(ふたつ)
三(さん)三つ(みっつ)
四(よん)四つ(よっつ)
五(ご)五つ(いつつ)
六(ろく)六つ(むっつ)
七(なな)七つ(ななつ)
八(はち)八つ(やっつ)
九(きゅう)九つ(ここのつ)
十(じゅう)十(とお)

Counting people, including the special readings for one and two

Japanese uses 人(にん)to count people, but one and two have special readings: 一人(ひとり) and 二人(ふたり). From three onward, use にん, as in 三人(さんにん).

For example, 「ここには二人います。」 means “There are two people here.”

Choosing a counter to match what is counted

Japanese uses 個 for small objects, 枚 for flat things, 本 for long things, 冊 for books and notebooks, 台 for machines or vehicles, and 回 for occurrences. English usually puts a number directly before a count noun, as in “six eggs.” English also has expressions such as “two sheets of paper,” but Japanese uses counters much more widely.

The examples show 六個 for eggs, 二枚 for tickets, 三本 for pencils, 八冊 for books, 二台 for computers, and 一回 for one occurrence. For example: 「卵が六個いります。」「二枚のチケットを持っています。」「鉛筆を三本持っています。」「本が八冊あります。」「パソコンが二台あります。」「一週間に一回練習します。」 一週間に一回 means “once a week.”

Common counter sound changes and alternate readings

Learn the number and counter together. 個 has forms such as 「一個(いっこ)」「六個(ろっこ)」 and 「八個(はっこ)」; 本 has 「一本(いっぽん)」「三本(さんぼん)」「六本(ろっぽん)」 and 「八本(はっぽん)」. 冊 has 「一冊(いっさつ)」, but six is 「六冊(ろくさつ)」. 回 has 「一回(いっかい)」 and 「六回(ろっかい)」. The small っ marks a brief hold before the next consonant. 枚 and 台 keep the number readings shown without this contraction; readings separated by / are alternatives, not polite and informal forms.

助数詞一(いち)三(さん)六(ろく)八(はち)十(じゅう)
個(こ)一個(いっこ)三個(さんこ)六個(ろっこ)八個(はっこ)十個(じゅっこ/じっこ)
本(ほん)一本(いっぽん)三本(さんぼん)六本(ろっぽん)八本(はっぽん)十本(じゅっぽん/じっぽん)
冊(さつ)一冊(いっさつ)三冊(さんさつ)六冊(ろくさつ)八冊(はっさつ/はちさつ)十冊(じゅっさつ/じっさつ)
回(かい)一回(いっかい)三回(さんかい)六回(ろっかい)八回(はっかい/はちかい)十回(じゅっかい/じっかい)
枚(まい)一枚(いちまい)三枚(さんまい)六枚(ろくまい)八枚(はちまい)十枚(じゅうまい)
台(だい)一台(いちだい)三台(さんだい)六台(ろくだい)八台(はちだい)十台(じゅうだい)

Asking how many with the matching counter

Use いくつ for general object counting, or 何 with the appropriate counter: なんにん, なんこ, なんまい, なんぼん, なんさつ, なんだい, and なんかい. Notice なんぼん for 本. English uses “how many” with a noun; Japanese chooses a counter for the thing counted. Keep the particles needed by the sentence: the examples include は, を, and に, while some questions have no separate noun because the counter itself tells what is counted. Polite questions use verb forms ending in ますか, such as 「卵は何個いりますか。」; casual questions use plain forms with questioning intonation, such as 「りんごはいくつある?」 or 「一週間に何回泳ぐ?」.

名詞はいくつ/何人(なんにん)/何個(なんこ)/何枚(なんまい)/何本(なんぼん)/何冊(なんさつ)/何台(なんだい)/何回(なんかい)述語?

Putting the quantity before the noun

A quantity can come before a noun with の between them: 「三つのりんごを持っています。」 means “I have three apples,” and 「二枚のチケットを持っています。」 means “I have two tickets.” Unlike ordinary English number-plus-noun expressions, Japanese includes both the counter and の in this construction.

A quantity can also follow the noun and its particle, as the next section shows.

数+{つ|native-general-counter}などの助数詞の名詞を述語。

Putting the quantity after the noun and its particle

A quantity can follow the noun and its particle, before the verb: 「りんごが三つある。」 and 「鉛筆を三本持っています。」 In 「ここには二人います。」, “people” is understood; in 「一週間に一回練習します。」, 一週間に gives the period and 一回 gives the frequency.

名詞助詞数+{つ|native-general-counter}などの助数詞述語。

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