Can, must and need in French

Level A1

Can, must and need in French

English "can" has two French translations: savoir for a skill you learned (je sais nager) and pouvoir for what's possible or allowed (je ne peux pas venir). "Have to" and "must" are both devoir, and "need" is avoir besoin de, literally "to have need of". The trickiest part comes at the end: "you don't have to" is not vous ne devez pas, which means "you must not".

The verbs: pouvoir, savoir, devoir and avoir besoin de

The present forms: je peux, je sais, je dois, j'ai besoin de

A skill you learned: Je sais nager — savoir, not pouvoir

Je sais nager.

Saying you can't: Je ne peux pas venir — but Je ne trouve pas mes clés

To say you can't, put ne … pas around pouvoir: "Je ne peux pas venir demain." For "I can't find", "I can't see" or "I can't hear", French usually leaves pouvoir out and just says the verb in the negative: "Je ne trouve pas mes clés" (literally "I don't find my keys").

Je ne peux pas venir demain.

Asking and requesting with pouvoir: Est-ce que je peux payer par carte ?

To ask, put est-ce que in front of the sentence, or just say it with your voice going up at the end: "Tu peux m'aider ?" Use tu with friends and family, and vous with strangers and staff: "Vous pouvez parler plus lentement, s'il vous plaît ?"

Est-ce que je peux payer par carte ?

Have to and must are both devoir: Je dois travailler demain

Je dois travailler demain.

Need: J'ai besoin d'un taxi, J'ai besoin de dormir

J'ai besoin de dormir.

"You don't have to" is vous n'avez pas besoin de, not vous ne devez pas

English speakers often turn "you don't have to pay" into "vous ne devez pas payer", but that means "you must not pay". To say something isn't necessary, use avoir besoin de: "Vous n'avez pas besoin de payer". When something isn't allowed, use pouvoir: "Vous ne pouvez pas vous garer ici" (you can't park here).

The same trap hides in il faut (it's necessary): "il faut payer" means you have to pay, but "il ne faut pas payer" means you mustn't. For "you don't need anything", French drops pas and puts rien after besoin de: "Non, tu n'as besoin de rien !"

Use vous with strangers, staff and customers, as in the first and last examples, and tu with friends and family, as in the second.

Inviting a friend to dinner: tu, je ne peux pas and je dois

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