French past participle agreement

Level B1

French past participle agreement

French past participles can change to agree with another part of the sentence. Unlike English past participles, they agree with the subject when non-pronominal verbs use être, and with a direct object placed before the past participle when using avoir. With the reflexive and reciprocal verbs shown here, identify whether se is a direct or indirect object.

Agreement with être

With non-pronominal verbs that use être, the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number: add -e for feminine and -s for plural; add both for feminine plural. Pronominal verbs need a separate check, explained below. English past participles do not change this way. Compare « Mon frère est rentré chez lui. » and « Ma sœur est rentrée chez elle. »; for plural subjects, compare « Mes frères sont arrivés hier. » and « Mes sœurs sont arrivées ce matin. »

Examples of agreement with être

Direct object after the past participle

With avoir, a direct object after the past participle does not trigger agreement. In « J'ai acheté ces chemises hier. », ces chemises is feminine plural, but acheté stays unchanged.

J’ai participe passé complément d’objet direct.

Object pronouns before the past participle

With avoir, the participle agrees with a preceding direct object. In « Je les ai achetées hier. », les refers to the feminine plural chemises, so write achetées. An indirect object does not trigger agreement: in « Elle leur a parlé après le déjeuner. », leur means “to them”, so parlé stays unchanged. English participles do not mark this distinction.

Je les ai participe passé accordé avec l’objet direct.

Relative que before the past participle

Relative que, shortened to qu’ before a vowel, is the direct object in these clauses and comes before the past participle. With avoir, agree the participle with the noun that que refers to: chemises gives achetées, and livres gives lus. English “that” does not trigger any change in the participle.

Antécédent que sujet auxiliaire avoir au présent participe passé accordé avec l’antécédent…

Reciprocal and washing vocabulary

Direct and indirect reciprocal objects

With these reciprocal verbs, check the role of se in the verb's construction. Voir quelqu’un takes a direct object, so se is direct and the participle agrees with its feminine plural referent: « Elles se sont vues l'une l'autre hier. » Parler à quelqu’un takes an indirect object, so se is indirect and does not trigger agreement: « Elles se sont parlé l'une à l'autre au téléphone. » English distinguishes “saw each other” from “spoke to each other”, but its participles do not change.

Reflexive verbs with body-part objects

When se is the direct object, the participle agrees with the subject: « Elles se sont lavées après le travail. » But when a body part is the direct object and comes after the participle, se is indirect, so the participle stays unchanged: « Elles se sont lavé les mains avant le déjeuner. » English does not mark this difference through participle agreement.

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