French y and en: pronouns for places, things, and quantities

Level A2

French y and en: pronouns for places, things, and quantities

French uses y and en to avoid repeating some places, things, and amounts. English often uses a place word, a preposition plus a pronoun, or no pronoun at all, so the French pattern can be easy to miss. Learn what each pronoun replaces, where it goes, and how to refer to people instead.

The pronouns y and en

Use y for a place

Use y to replace a place introduced earlier in the sentence or conversation. English often puts “there” after the verb, while French puts y before the conjugated verb: « Je vais au magasin, et ma sœur y travaille. » In « Ma mère travaille à l’école et m’y emmène », m’ comes before y.

Lieu explicite … sujet y verbe conjugué.

Use y for à + a thing

Use y for an à-complement that refers to a thing or idea, not a person. English may use “about it” after the verb, but French places y before the verb: « C’est une bonne idée, et j’y pense souvent. »

Sujet y verbe conjugué construit avec à.

Use en for de + a thing

Use en to replace a de-complement referring to a thing. English says “talk about it,” but French uses en before the verb: « C’est un bon livre, et nous en parlons souvent. »

Sujet en verbe conjugué construit avec de.

Use en for some of something

French uses en for a partitive object, often where English says “some” or leaves the quantity unstated. Compare « J'ai du pain » with « Il y a du pain, et j’en veux »: en replaces du pain and comes before veux.

Sujet en verbe conjugué.

Keep the number or amount after en

When en replaces something counted or measured, keep the number or amount in the sentence. English may add “of them,” but French leaves the noun out and keeps the quantity: « Elle a cinq pommes et elle m’en donne deux. »

Sujet nom compté, sujet en verbe conjugué quantité.

Put y and en after other object pronouns

In French, object pronouns usually come before the conjugated verb, and me, te, nous, or vous comes before y and en. English puts “there” after the verb, but French says « m’y emmène » (“takes me there”): me comes first, then y. The same order appears in « elle m’en donne deux » (“she gives me two of them”); the number stays after the verb. This is the same order in statements and questions; with an infinitive, the pronouns go before the infinitive they belong to.

Use lui, leur, or a stressed pronoun for people

With verbs such as parler à, use lui for one person and leur for several: « je lui parle », « je leur parle ». With penser à referring to a person, use à plus a stressed pronoun: « je pense à lui ». English prepositions do not determine which French construction to use. With parler de, a stressed pronoun explicitly identifies the person: « on parle souvent d’elle ». En can also refer to a person with parler de when the context makes the reference clear. It also replaces nouns referring to people in quantity expressions, with the number retained.

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