英語の過去形:過去の出来事・否定文・疑問文
昨日や先週など、すでに終わった時の出来事には過去形を使います。日本語では主語を省けますが、英語ではふつう主語が必要で、動詞には規則的に語尾を変えるものと、不規則に形が変わるものがあります。一般動詞の否定文は主語の後に「did not」、疑問文は主語の前に「Did」を置き、どちらも動詞を原形に戻します。この課の二つの会話では、英語の形そのものに日本語の「した?」と「しましたか?」のような丁寧さの区別はなく、相手や場面に合った口調で話します。
今から「〜前」を表す言葉
- ago前
主語・過去形・時の表現で出来事を伝える
Subject past-tense verb finished past time . he-studied-yesterday they-ate-at-noon she-went-there-on-monday
He studied yesterday.
They ate at noon.
She went there on Monday.
よく使う動詞の原形・過去形・否定形
「しなかった」は否定の助動詞と動詞の原形で
Subject did not base verb finished past time . i-didnt-work-yesterday she-didnt-go-there-on-monday we-didnt-eat-at-noon
I didn't work yesterday.
She didn't go there on Monday.
We didn't eat at noon.
時間の長さの後に「前」を表す言葉を置く
Subject past-tense verb amount of time ago. i-ate-two-hours-ago we-went-there-a-week-ago
I ate two hours ago.
She was here three days ago.
We went there a week ago.
過去にいた場所や、ものの状態を伝える
この節では、過去にどこにいたか、ものがどんな状態だったかを、be 動詞の過去形「was」「were」で表します。主語が「I・he・she・it」や単数の名詞なら「was」、「you・we・they」や複数の名詞なら「were」です。「I was here yesterday.」は「昨日はここにいた」という意味です。
日本語の「高かった」は形容詞自体が変わりますが、英語の形容詞は過去形にならず、be 動詞で過去を表します。be 動詞の否定は「was not」「were not」で、会話では「wasn't」「weren't」という短い形も使います。「The car wasn't expensive.」のような be 動詞の文には「didn't」を使いませんが、状態を表す場合でも、一般動詞の否定には「didn't」と動詞の原形を使います。
I was here yesterday.
They weren't here on Tuesday.
The book was good.
The car wasn't expensive.
親しい相手と昨日の出来事を尋ね合う
- A
Did you work yesterday?
- B
No, I studied yesterday.
- A
Where did you study?
- B
I studied here.
改まった場面でも同じ過去の疑問文を使う
- A
Did you work on Monday?
- B
No, I studied yesterday.
- A
Where did you study yesterday?
- B
I studied here.
過去にいた場所は、動詞を主語の前に出して尋ねる
Were subject place finished past time ? were-you-here-yesterday were-you-here-on-tuesday
Were you here yesterday?
Were you here on Tuesday?