英語の序数と数量の言い方
英語で「1番目」「2番目」のような順番の言い方(序数)と、all、many、some、few、none、half など数や量の表し方を学びます。日本語は「二番目」「三つ目」「三階」のように数字に「目」や助数詞をつけますが、英語では second、third のように順番を表す専用の単語を使います。最後に、パン屋さんでの短い会話で使い方を確かめましょう。
順番を表す言葉(一番目から十番目と「最後」)
ふつうの数と序数
| 数字での書き方 | ふつうの数 | 順番の数(序数) |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | one | first |
| 2nd | two | second |
| 3rd | three | third |
| 4th | four | fourth |
| 5th | five | fifth |
| 6th | six | sixth |
| 7th | seven | seventh |
| 8th | eight | eighth |
| 9th | nine | ninth |
| 10th | ten | tenth |
| 11th | eleven | eleventh |
| 12th | twelve | twelfth |
| 20th | twenty | twentieth |
| 21st | twenty-one | twenty-first |
| 22nd | twenty-two | twenty-second |
| 23rd | twenty-three | twenty-third |
| 100th | one hundred | one hundredth |
序数の作り方(語尾の -th と特別な形)
日本語は数字に「番目」や「目」をつけるだけですが、英語では順番を表す別の単語(序数)を使います。1〜3 番目の first、second、third は形が特別で、4 番目からはほとんどの数の後ろに -th をつけます(six → sixth)。ただし、5 番目の fifth や 9 番目の ninth のように、つづりが少し変わるものもあるので注意しましょう。
21 番目からは最後の部分だけを序数にして twenty-first と言い、数字で書くときは 1st、2nd、3rd、4th のように、序数の最後の二文字を数字に添えます。11〜13 番目は eleventh、twelfth、thirteenth なので、11st ではなく 11th、12th、13th と書きます。序数の前にはふつう the や my などがつき、「今日二杯目のコーヒー」は my second coffee today と言います。
Today is my first day at work.
This is my second coffee today.
That's the third time this week!
He finished fifth in the race.
Today is the sixth day of our trip.
The seventh song is my favorite.
We're seventh in line.
Wait, that's your ninth cookie!
That's the tenth email today!
It's our tenth wedding anniversary today.
場所や順番を言う(the+序数+名詞)
It's the second door on the right.
It's the second door on the right.
Take the first street on the left.
We live on the third floor.
My sister lives in the fourth house on the left.
We're sitting in the fourth row.
Excuse me, is this the fifth floor?
Get off at the sixth stop.
Our apartment is on the eighth floor.
Please look at the eighth line.
Our seats are in the ninth row.
Is this the last bus tonight?
Who wants the last piece of cake?
数や量を表す言葉(全部・たくさん・いくつか・少ない・一つもない・半分)
どれくらいあるかを言う(There are+数量+名詞)
There are many people here.
There are so many people here today!
All my friends are here.
Did you eat all the bread?
I have some questions.
Let's buy some apples.
Few people know this place.
Very few shops are open on Sundays.
Half of the class is sick today.
Do you want half of my sandwich?
「一つも〜ない」の言い方と、数えられる名詞・数えられない名詞
「一つも〜ない」「誰も〜ない」は、英語では none で言えます。none を使うと動詞は否定形にしないので、Sorry, there are none left. のように not は入れません(None of my friends have a car. は「友達は誰も車を持っていない」)。
many(たくさんの)は people や friends のように数えられる名詞の複数形に使い、water や money のように数えられないものには much を使います。否定文の not many は「あまり多くない」という意味で、I don't have many friends here yet. は「まだそんなに友達がいない」という感じです。few も「少ない」ですが、a をつけた a few は「少しある」という前向きな意味になるので気をつけましょう。
Sorry, there are none left.
None of my friends have a car.
I don't have many friends here yet.
パン屋さんでの会話
- A
Good morning! Is this your first time here?
- B
Yes, it is. Do you have any croissants?
- A
Sorry, there are none left.
- B
Oh no! Then some bread rolls, please.
- A
How many would you like?
- B
Six, please.
- A
Here you are. Is that all?
- B
Yes, that's all. Thank you!