英語の間接話法:発言・質問・依頼の伝え方
人の話を伝えるときは、元の言葉をそのまま繰り返すほかに、伝える人の立場で内容を言い直せます。英語では、日本語の「〜と言っていた」にはない時制の変化や、質問を伝えるときの語順に注意が必要です。発言、質問、依頼の三つに分けて、誰が誰に何を伝えたかを表しましょう。
発言・質問・依頼を伝える基本の語
「〜と言っていた」と発言を伝える
Speaker said (that) reported statement.
I'm working from home today.
Maya said she was working from home that day.
I'll call you tomorrow after lunch.
On Tuesday, Ben said he would call me the next day after lunch.
I still live near the station.
Leo said he still lives near the station.
誰に伝えたかを添える
Speaker told recipient (that) reported statement.
I've already sent the email to everyone.
Sara told me she had already sent the email to everyone.
Our teacher told us the class was cancelled.
「どこに」などの疑問詞がある質問を伝える
Speaker asked question word subject verb phrase in statement word order.
Where are you staying this week, Elena?
Amir asked where I was staying that week.
「〜かどうか」と質問を伝える
Speaker asked whether subject verb phrase in statement word order.
Could you help me move the chairs?
Nora asked whether I could help her move the chairs.
Have you finished the report yet?
Dan asked whether we had finished the report yet.
してほしいこと・しないでほしいことを伝える
Speaker asked person (not) to action.
Please wait outside for a moment.
Rita asked me to wait outside for a moment.
Please don't use your phones in the waiting room.
The nurse asked us not to use our phones in the waiting room.
人・時制・時間表現と質問の語順を整える
日本語では主語を省いたまま伝えられますが、英語では元の発言者と聞き手を確かめ、主語や所有を表す語を伝える人の立場に合わせます。過去の発言を伝えるときは、その時点で進行中だったことを「she was working」、それ以前に済んでいたことを「she had already sent the email to everyone」のように表すのが基本です。元の発言の未来は「would」で表せますが、今も成り立つ内容なら「he still lives near the station」のように現在形を残すこともできます。
別の日や週に伝えるなら、「今日」は「その日」、「明日」は「翌日」、「今週」は「その週」に当たる表現に変え、同じ日や週なら必ず変えるわけではありません。質問の内容は「where I was staying」のように平叙文の語順にし、倒置や疑問文を作るためだけの「do・does・did」は使いませんが、助動詞をすべて取り除くわけではなく、「〜かどうか」を表す「whether」や「if」の後でも「whether I could help」の「could」は残り、「Have you finished」の「have」はこの例では「whether we had finished」の「had」に変わります。依頼は「asked me to wait」のように頼まれた人の後に不定詞を置き、「しないで」は「not to use」のように不定詞の前で否定し、誰の持ち物かも伝える立場に合わせます。
I'm working from home today.
Maya said she was working from home that day.
I'll call you tomorrow after lunch.
On Tuesday, Ben said he would call me the next day after lunch.
I still live near the station.
Leo said he still lives near the station.
I've already sent the email to everyone.
Sara told me she had already sent the email to everyone.
Where are you staying this week, Elena?
Amir asked where I was staying that week.
Nora asked whether I could help her move the chairs.
Have you finished the report yet?
Dan asked whether we had finished the report yet.
Please don't use your phones in the waiting room.
The nurse asked us not to use our phones in the waiting room.
動詞の使い分けと依頼の丁寧さ
日本語では「言った」で広く表せますが、英語の「said」は発言内容を中心に伝え、「told me」のような形は誰に伝えたかを必ず示すので、相手を置かずに使わないようにします。発言内容を導く「that」はどちらの形でも省略でき、省略しただけで失礼になることはありません。「ask」は質問にも依頼にも使えますが、疑問詞や「whether」が続けば質問の内容を、不定詞が続けばしてほしい行動を伝えます。
「Could you help me move the chairs?」は相手に配慮した頼み方で、初対面の人や仕事の相手にも使えます。「Please wait outside for a moment.」も丁寧な依頼ですが、日本語の敬語と一対一に対応する専用の人称や語尾があるわけではありません。依頼を間接的に伝えるときは、元の丁寧な言い回しをすべて残す必要はなく、誰が誰に何を頼んだかが分かる形にします。
Maya said she was working from home that day.
On Tuesday, Ben said he would call me the next day after lunch.
Could you help me move the chairs?
Please wait outside for a moment.
Rita asked me to wait outside for a moment.
The nurse asked us not to use our phones in the waiting room.