英語で主張や否認を伝える:情報源と話し手の立場
誰かの発言を伝えるときは、発言者と自分の立場を分けて示すことが大切です。日本語の「送ったと主張している」とは語順が異なり、英語では主張する人と動詞を先に置き、その後に内容を続けます。ニュースや職場の話を例に、主張、疑惑、認めた事実、否認を伝える表現を学びます。
情報源・主張・否認を表す語句
「〜によると」で情報源を明示する
according to a person or organization , a reported view ; optional stance or verification status . according-to-the-company-no-customer-data according-to-maya-the-figures-are-wrong
According to the company, no customer data was lost, but I cannot confirm that.
According to Maya, the figures are wrong, and I think she's right.
主張・認めた内容・否認を文で続ける
A source claims / alleges / acknowledges / denies that + a proposition . the-manufacturer-claims-that-the-new-battery dan-claims-he-sent-the-file-yesterday former-employees-allege-that-the-company-changed the-article-alleges-that-our-boss-used management-acknowledged-that-the-instructions-were-unclear shes-acknowledged-that-we-needed-more-time the-director-denied-that-she-had-approved he-denies-that-the-delay-was-his
The manufacturer claims that the new battery lasts twice as long.
Dan claims he sent the file yesterday, but I haven't received it.
Former employees allege that the company changed their time records.
The article alleges that our boss used company money for personal trips.
Management acknowledged that the instructions were unclear.
She's acknowledged that we needed more time.
The director denied that she had approved the payment.
He denies that the delay was his fault.
動詞の動名詞形で行為を認める・否定する
A source acknowledges / denies an action ending in -ing . the-editor-acknowledged-publishing-the-wrong-figures tom-denies-sharing-the-password-with-anyone
The editor acknowledged publishing the wrong figures.
Tom denies sharing the password with anyone.
伝聞であることを文中に示す
A proposition is reportedly a reported event or plan . the-company-is-reportedly-planning-to-close our-new-manager-has-reportedly-worked-here
The company is reportedly planning to close two offices.
Our new manager has reportedly worked here before, but I haven't checked.
他人の発言と自分の判断を分ける
according to は「誰の情報か」を示し、reportedly は報道や伝え聞いた情報であることを示しますが、どちらも話し手による確認や同意を意味せず、reportedly は例文のように最初の助動詞の後に置けます。
claim は本人がそう主張していることを示して内容から距離を置けますが、必ずしも疑っているわけではなく、allege は不正などについて未立証の申し立てを伝える、報道や法律関係でよく使う硬めの語です。
acknowledge は事実や問題を認めること、deny は述べられた内容を事実ではないとすることを表し、誰かが否認したというだけで疑いが晴れたことにはなりません。
内容を文で続けるときは that の後に主語と動詞を置き、例文の Dan claims he sent のように that を省くこともできますが、deny 自体に否定の意味があるため、否認される内容に機械的に否定語を加えないようにします。
この例のように認める人・否定する人と行為をした人が同じなら、acknowledge や deny の後に動名詞形を続けられ、日本語の「〜したことを」に引かれて deny to do という形にはしません。
「According to the company, no customer data was lost, but I cannot confirm that.」では会社の説明と自分の確認状況を分けており、同意する場合もマヤの例のように「自分も正しいと思う」と明示します。
According to the company, no customer data was lost, but I cannot confirm that.
According to Maya, the figures are wrong, and I think she's right.
The manufacturer claims that the new battery lasts twice as long.
Former employees allege that the company changed their time records.
Management acknowledged that the instructions were unclear.
The director denied that she had approved the payment.
Our new manager has reportedly worked here before, but I haven't checked.